![]() At about 200 years old, both are quite young by Indian standards. An instrument that is very similar to the esraj is the dilruba. It is a traditional instrument of the northern, eastern and central areas of India but is particularly associated with Bengal (Bangladesh). The esraj is a stringed instrument with four main strings and twelve tarabs or sympathetic strings. A beautiful example of traditional Chinese erhu performance can be viewed here. Historic bowed zithers of China, including the xiqin, yazheng, and yaqin, and also the Korean ajaeng, were originally played by bowing with a rosined stick, which created friction against the strings until the horsehair bow came into use. The xiqin is believed to have originated from the Xi people of Central Asia, and have come to China in the 10th century. It is believed to have evolved from the xiqin, which is described as a foreign, two-stringed lute in Yue Shu, an encyclopedic work on music written by music theorist Chen Yang in the Northern Song Dynasty. ![]() The erhu can be traced back to instruments introduced into China more than a thousand years ago. The erhu is the most popular instrument in the huqin family of Chinese bowed string instruments and is used in both traditional and contemporary music – a versatile instrument renowned for its distinct, clear and haunting sounds. The bow rests in-between the two strings, usually tuned a fifth apart. The notes are played by the moving the fingers on the strings. It has six sided body, often made with rose wood and the resonating chamber is covered with python skin or a thin piece of wood. The erhu is a two-stringed bowed musical instrument which originates from China and is often referred to as the 'Chinese violin'. Examples of ektara being played can be viewed here (contemporary Western setting) and here (traditional Indian setting). The ektara ranges in size from saprano to tenor and bass, and it is the larger bass models that have two strings and are sometimes known as dotara. The strings are tensioned and tuned using wooden pegs. The ektara usually has a stretched single string, an animal skin over a head that is traditionally made of dried pumpkin/gourd or wood and a long fretless pole neck. The ektar is generally plucked with one finger although the instrument is also played using a bow. Like the gopichand, the ektara is a favoured string instrument of the wandering bards and minstrels of India, particularly the Bauls of Bengal. It is closely related to the gopichand and is also known as iktar, ektar, yaktaro gopichand, toombi and dotara. The ektara is a one or two stringed instrument that is most closely associated with the traditional music of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and the Middle East. Today, the bowed psaltery is most often produced without chord accompaniment strings. Forerunners of the bowed psaltery include bowed lyres as well as bowed members of the zither family. It is normally played with a small bow that is often made in the earlier semicircular style rather than a modern concave violin bow. The soundboard has a sound-hole or rose in the center. The modern bowed psaltery is a psaltery in the traditional sense of a wooden soundbox with unstopped strings over the soundboard and it differs from the Mediæval plucked psaltery only in that its strings are arranged to permit bowing. Chromatic bowed psalteries have the sharps and flats on one side and the diatonic notes on the opposite. The bowed psaltery is an elongated triangular in shape which allows each string to extend a little farther than the one before it so that each string can be individually bowed. It is a relatively easy instrument to play. Bowed PsalteryĪ bowed psaltery is simply a psaltery that is played with a bow. An example of how the berimbau is played can be viewed here. It has a wonderful sound that invokes a feeling of rhythm, trance and depth. ![]() There as three main sounds one with the stone against the wire, another with the stone partially against the wire, and a third with the stone completely off the wire. You also need to position the bow in a way so that you can use the gourd for reverberation. You need to hold the bow and a coin or stone in one hand and in the other hand you hold the striker. Playing the berimbau can be quite a handful at first. The berimbau consists of a wooden bow, about 4 to 5 feet long (1.2 to 1.5 metres), with a steel string tightly strung and secured from one end of the bow to the other. The berimbau was eventually incorporated into the practice of the Afro-Brazilian martial art capoeira, where it commands how the capoeiristas (capoeira practitioners) move in the roda (circle). Its origin is generally accepted as being Africa as no indigenous Brazilian or European people use musical bows and very similar instruments are played in parts of southern Africa. The berimbau is a single-string Brazilian percussion instrument, a musical bow made from the biriba tree.
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